A beautiful walk along part of the 11km Circuit walk, climbing up through a beautiful moist gully before emerging to drier forest and a nice viewpoint. The walk provides a great variety of scenery with a mixture of vegetation and some great boulder and cliff scenery along the way. The climbs and descents are pretty steep at times but not too long.
Garigal NP
Garigal National Park
Berowra Valley
Berowra Valley Regional Park
27Mhz (AM) CB frequency table
Australia has two main types of CB or Citizen Band radio. This articles lists the channels and frequencies used by the AM or 27MHz type. This is the cheapest type of CB available and used for long distance communications.
Channel | Freq (MHz) | Use |
1 | 26.965 | |
2 | 26.975 | |
3 | 26.985 | |
4 | 27.005 | |
5 | 27.015 | |
6 | 27.025 | |
7 | 27.035 | |
8 | 27.055 | Road contact |
9 | 27.065 | Emergency Calling only |
10 | 27.075 | |
11 | 27.085 | General Call (IE contact then find another channel) |
12 | 27.105 | |
13 | 27.115 | |
14 | 27.125 | |
15 | 27.135 | |
16 | 27.155 | General call for Side Band (LSB) |
17 | 27.165 | |
18 | 27.175 | |
19 | 27.185 | |
20 | 27.205 | |
21 | 27.215 | |
22 | 27.225 | |
23 | 27.245 | |
24 | 27.235 | |
25 | 27.255 | |
26 | 27.265 | |
27 | 27.275 | |
28 | 27.285 | |
29 | 27.295 | |
30 | 27.305 | |
31 | 27.315 | |
32 | 27.325 | |
33 | 27.335 | |
34 | 27.345 | |
35 | 27.355 | |
36 | 27.365 | |
37 | 27.375 | |
38 | 27.385 | |
39 | 27.395 | |
40 | 27.405 | |
470Mhz (FM) CB frequency table
This article lists the channel, use and frequency table for the 470 MHz FM CB radio for Australia. These radios are becoming very common in the outdoors. Cheap handed held radios that operate over 1-2km are available for less than $100 at many electronic shops. These types of CB radios give access to a large network of freely accessible repeaters throughout Australia. The use of these repeaters can extend the range of communications up 50km. Includes links to lists of all UHF CB repeaters in Australia
UHF CB repeaters NSW
UHF CB repeaters VIC
UHF CB repeaters TAS
UHF CB repeaters SA
UHF CB repeaters WA
UHF CB repeaters QLD
UHF CB repeaters ACT
UHF CB repeaters NT
Channel | Freq (MHz) | Use |
1 | 476.425 | Repeater access (In Duplex mode) |
2 | 476.450 | Repeater access (In Duplex mode) |
3 | 476.475 | Repeater access (In Duplex mode) |
4 | 476.500 | Repeater access (In Duplex mode) |
5 | 476.525 | Emergency Call channel (simplex or duplex) |
6 | 476.550 | Repeater access (In Duplex mode) |
7 | 476.575 | Repeater access (In Duplex mode) |
8 | 476.600 | Repeater access (In Duplex mode) |
9 | 476.625 | |
10 | 476.650 | |
11 | 476.675 | Call channel |
12 | 476.700 | |
13 | 476.725 | |
14 | 476.750 | |
15 | 476.775 | |
16 | 476.800 | |
17 | 476.825 | |
18 | 476.850 | |
19 | 476.875 | |
20 | 476.900 | |
21 | 476.925 | |
22 | 476.950 | Telemetry and Remote control (ie no talking) |
23 | 476.975 | Telemetry and Remote control (ie no talking) |
24 | 477.000 | |
25 | 477.025 | |
26 | 477.050 | |
27 | 477.075 | |
28 | 477.100 | |
29 | 477.125 | |
30 | 477.150 | |
31 | 477.175 | (Outgoing channel for duplex repeater access) |
32 | 477.200 | (Outgoing channel for duplex repeater access) |
33 | 477.225 | (Outgoing channel for duplex repeater access) |
34 | 477.250 | (Outgoing channel for duplex repeater access) |
35 | 477.275 | (Outgoing channel for duplex repeater access -Emergency) |
36 | 477.300 | (Outgoing channel for duplex repeater access) |
37 | 477.325 | (Outgoing channel for duplex repeater access) |
38 | 477.350 | (Outgoing channel for duplex repeater access) |
39 | 477.375 | |
40 | 477.400 | Road channel |
Beaufort Scale (for wind speed)
The Beaufort scale is a standard scale to communicate wind force. The scale starts at traditionally ranges from 0 to 12, with zero been no wind and 12 been a hurricane force wind of over 120km/h. The scale has since grown to 17, to describe more severe hurricane winds. For the sake of this article I have just included the 0-12. The scale include descriptions of the what to expect to see from such a force. Rear-Admiral, Sir Francis Beaufort, was born in Ireland in 1774. He entered the Royal Navy at the age of 13 and was a midshipman aboard the Aquilon. By 1800 he had risen to the rank of Commander. In the summer of 1805 Beaufort was appointed to the command of the Woolwich, a 44 gun man-of-war.
In 1806 he wrote in his log book a wind force scale. The scale was simple and very similar to one that Alexander Dalrymple had written in a book in 1789. A year later he added some criteria to the 0-12 scale that indicated how much of a ship’s sails would be employed by a British man-of-war under each condition. It was not relate to the speed of the wind.
Over the following years he continued to use his scale in his logs. It was finally adopted in December 1838 by the British Admiralty for use in all Royal Navy logbooks. However, as ship design and the introduction of steam power became widespread even that scale had to be modified.
In 1912 the International Commission for Weather Telegraphy sought some agreement on velocity equivalents for the Beaufort scale. A uniform set of equivalents was accepted in 1926 and revised slightly in 1946, extending the scale to 17 values (the added five values further refining the hurricane-force winds). By 1955, wind velocities in knots replaced Beaufort numbers on weather maps.
Today’s Beaufort Scale including the observed land conditions…
Beaufort | Wind speed | Description | Land conditions | |
kt | km/h | |||
0 | 0 | 0 | Calm | Calm. Smoke rises vertically. |
1 | 1-3 | 1-6 | Light air | Wind motion visible in smoke. |
2 | 4-6 | 7-11 | Light breeze | Wind felt on exposed skin. Leaves rustle. |
3 | 1-10 | 12-19 | Gentle breeze | Leaves and smaller twigs in constant motion. |
4 | 11-15 | 20-29 | Moderate breeze | Dust and loose paper raised. Small branches begin to move. |
5 | 16-21 | 30-39 | Fresh breeze | Smaller trees sway. |
6 | 22-27 | 40-50 | Strong breeze | Large branches in motion. Whistling heard in overhead wires. Umbrella use becomes difficult. |
7 | 28-33 | 51-62 | Near gale | Whole trees in motion. Effort needed to walk against the wind. |
8 | 34-40 | 63-75 | Gale | Twigs broken from trees. Cars veer on road. |
9 | 41-47 | 76-87 | Strong gale | Light structure damage. |
10 | 48-55 | 88-102 | Storm | Trees uprooted. Considerable structural damage. |
11 | 56-63 | 103-119 | Violent storm | Widespread structural damage. |
12 | 64-80 | >120 | Hurricane | Considerable and widespread damage to structures. |
Points of a compass (Cardinal, degree)
There are 4 basic directional indicators used; North South East and West. I assume this is not news to you. A compass uses the same principles and breaks directions down even further to allow more accurate descriptions. When needing to be very accurate you will talk in degrees when general is ok then you will talk in cardinal directions (eg when describing wind direction or the general direction of a track.)
Below you will find two diagrams and a table.
The cardinal points diagram shows a basic compass bevel and the cardinal points
The compass bevel diagram show the mix of cardinal points and degrees that are common on a compass
The Bearing and cardinal points table relates the angle in degrees to a cardinal point and the text descriptor.
- Cardinal Points
- Compass Bevel
- Bearing and Cardinal points table
Degrees | Cardinal Point | Spoken (lazy) | ||
0.00 | N | North | ||
11.25 | N by E | North by east | ||
22.50 | NNE | North north east (Nor nor east) | ||
33.75 | NE by N | North east by north | ||
45.00 | NE | North east (nor east) | ||
56.25 | NE by E | North east by east | ||
67.50 | ENE | East north east | ||
78.75 | E by N | East by north | ||
90.00 | E | East | ||
101.25 | E by S | East by south | ||
112.50 | ESE | East south east | ||
123.75 | SE by E | South east by east | ||
135.00 | SE | South east | ||
146.25 | SE by S | South east by south | ||
157.50 | SSE | South south east (sou sou east) | ||
168.75 | S by E | South by east | ||
180.00 | S | South | ||
191.25 | S by W | South by west | ||
202.50 | SSW | South south west (sou sou west) | ||
213.75 | SW by S | South west by south | ||
225.00 | SW | South west | ||
236.25 | SW by W | South west by west | ||
247.50 | WSW | West south west | ||
258.75 | W by S | West by south | ||
270.00 | W | West | ||
281.25 | W by N | West by north | ||
292.50 | WNW | West north west | ||
303.75 | NW by W | North west by west | ||
315.00 | NW | North west (nor west) | ||
326.25 | NW by N | North west by north | ||
337.50 | NNW | North north west (nor nor west) | ||
348.75 | N by W | North by west | ||
360.00 | N | North |
Track Classification System
An Australian standard for bush track was developed in 2001 in consultation with a number of out door bodies and organisations. These Standards are used to describe the condition of the track and the terrain and give a feel for the level of experience required by people using them.
The following tables gives a bit of a feel for the tack classification standards. I have modified them a bit from the AS 2156.1-2001 to suit the need of the website. As well as these elements for classifying a track the standard does also outline guides for management, these include facilities to provide, publicity and intervention levels.
The pictures in this table act a a bit of a guide, but only refer to the specific element been studied (IE just the sign or gradient)
A walk is then classified based on the higest class number found.
In this table below you will see the range of assessments made for a particular track ranged the full gamut but generally sat around class 3. But because the one element of weather ranged from 1 to 4 then this walk will be ranked a 4. However if in the summer months the weather class never extends beyond 3, then you could class this was as a 3 in summer and 4 in other seasons.
Standard Class | ||||||
Elements | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
Track Conditions | ||||||
Gradiant | ||||||
Signage | ||||||
Infrastructure | ||||||
Terrain | ||||||
Weather |
Please see the AS 2156.1-2001 standard for more information.
Naismith’s Rule (estimate walking time)
Naismith’s rule was developed by a William Naismith in 1892 as a basic rule of thumb that can be used to calculate the time it will take to walk from point a to b. The formula has been adapted a little since then and considers the distance to walk, the altitude changed and the speed that you will walk at.
This rule assumes a reasonable level of fitness, but Tranter’s corrections can but used to change the time to suit a particular level of fitness.
Naismith’s Rule first makes a calculation based on distance over time. eg if your walking a 4km/h for 4 km it will take you one hour. Not rocket science. But it adds a bit over an hour and a half for every 1000m you climb and about three quarters of a hour for every 500 meters you descend.
I have include two methods to help you in your trip planning. Firstly a calculator and secondly a Nomogram that you can use with a ruler in the field. Have a play with both
- Naismith’s Rule Calculator
- Naismith’s Rule Nomogram
- How to use Naismith’s Rule Nomogram
This Nomogram below can be used to calculate the estimated walking time.
At first this Nomogram can be a bit overwhelming to look at. But don’t stress I think you will pick it up quickly.
First you need to pick an altitude shift line.
Move from right to left to find the line that represents the number of meters you will climb in total, next
Move down the number of meters you will descend in total.
Follow this new line up and to the left (this is your altitude shift line)
see here we plan to climb 700m and descend 1000m
Next we keep going up the altitude shift line until we get to your estimated walking speed.
This is our pivot point.
In this example it is 4km/h
Now just draw a straight line from the number of Kilometers you plan to walk, through the pivot point till you hit the Hours axis. And voila you can read the estimated time.
In this example we will walk 10km and the answer is 4 and a half hours
If you wish to apply Tranter’s Corrections I have include a table below to help.
Fitness in the left column is the number of minutes that it would take you to climb 1000ft over 800m
f i t n e s s (m) |
Time taken in hours using Naismith’s Rule | ||||||||||||||||
2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 | ||
15 (fit) | 1 | 1½ | 2 | 2¾ | 3½ | 4½ | 5½ | 6¾ | 7¾ | 10 | 12½ | 14½ | 17 | 19½ | 22 | 24 | |
20 | 1¼ | 2¼ | 3¼ | 4½ | 5½ | 6½ | 7¾ | 8¾ | 10 | 12½ | 15 | 17½ | 20 | 23 | |||
25 | 1½ | 3 | 4¼ | 5½ | 7 | 8½ | 10 | 11½ | 13¼ | 15 | 17½ | ||||||
30 | 2 | 3½ | 5 | 6¾ | 8½ | 10½ | 12½ | 14½ | |||||||||
40 | 2¾ | 4¼ | 5¾ | 7½ | 9½ | 11½ | |||||||||||
50 (unfit) | 3¼ | 4¾ | 6½ | 8½ |
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